Bioterrorism

Introduction

A bioterrorism attack is the deliberate release of viruses, bacteria, or other germs to cause illness or death. These germs are often found in nature. But they can sometimes be made more harmful by increasing their ability to cause disease, spread, or resist medical treatment. ¹

A Brief History

Infectious diseases were recognized for their potential impact on people and armies as early as 600 BC. The crude use of filth and cadavers, animal carcasses, and contagion had devastating effects and weakened the enemy. Polluting wells and other sources of water of the opposing army was a common strategy that continued to be used through the many European wars, during the American Civil War, and even into the 20th century.²

Types of Agents

According to the Center of Disease Control (CDC) biological agents fall into one of three categories according to various factors:

Category A – Biological agents that fall into this category are of highest priority and risk to national security. They are easily transmitted and disseminated with a high mortality rate and major impact on public health. Special action is required for public health preparedness for these agents.  An example of such agent is the bacteria Bacillus anthracis (Anthrax).

Category B – Compared to agents of the previous category, B agents are considered moderately easy to disseminate and have low mortality rates, but still require specific lab and monitoring enhancements. An example is the Epsilon toxin of the bacteria Clostridium perfringens.

Category C – Emerging pathogens fall into this category and are easily available, produced and disseminated with a high mortality rate. Examples include the H1N1 strain of influenza (Swine flu). ¹

Prevention

Primary prevention rests on creating a strong global norm that rejects development of such weapons. Secondary prevention implies early detection and prompt treatment of disease. The medical community plays an important role in secondary prevention by participating in disease surveillance and reporting and thus providing the first indication of biological weapons use. In addition, continued research to improve surveillance and the search for improved diagnostic capabilities, therapeutic agents, and effective response plans will further strengthen secondary prevention measures. ²

References

1. CDC | Bioterrorism Overview. Emergencycdcgov. 2017. Available at: https://emergency.cdc.gov/bioterrorism/overview.asp. Accessed February 10, 2017.
2. Riedel S. Biological warfare and bioterrorism: a historical review. Proceedings (Baylor University Medical Center). 2004;17(4):400-406.